Changes: Refrain (Drug)

Revision as of 23:41, 22 September 2019

Refrain (リフレーン, Rifurēn) is an illegal and highly addictive psychotropic drug that induces hallucinatory flashbacks to pleasant past experiences. Temporary behavioral abnormality is exhibited while under the influence of Refrain, and it is also useful as a truth serum. Once the drug wears off, the user is left unable to speak for some time and finally becoming an invalid.

Description

Refrain is described by Lelouch as a drug created by the Holy Britannian Empire in order to lull the local population into a state of blissful ignorance as a form of a mild ethnic genocide. The drug is injected by a special injector, see picture above for an example. How the drug really works is unknown and only in Code Geass: Nightmare of Nunnally is it somewhat vaguely explained.

Legal Status

Drug bust — A group of Refrain dealers is being gunned down by the Black Knights.

Under Britannian law, penalization for possession of Refrain is comparable to that associated with narcotics in the real world but this does not stop smugglers and corrupt noblemen from selling it to the populace. Prior to a crackdown executed by Cornelia, it was smuggled into Area 11 from the Chinese Federation by way of the Kyūshū Route. The Black Knights and the Britannian police force are supposedly trying to keep Refrain off the streets but in the episode Refrain it is revealed that a member of the Britannian Police Force is actually secretly involved with them.

The possession of Refrain is punishable by a lengthly prison sentence, with Mrs. Kozuki receiving one of 20 years.

Users

Refrain junkie — Most of the users of Refrain are Numbers

Most users of Refrain are Numbers, as the drug is specifically created for them. In Area 11, a large number of these users are people living in the Ghetto or Honorary Britannians that can no longer stand the pressure of being persecuted by their Britannian counterparts. It is still unknown if there are any non Numbers who use Refrain, though Lelouch has attempted to use it once. The Britannians however found a more practical use for the Drug and use it as a truth serum.

Effects and Side-Effects

The effect of Refrain inside the human brain

As stated above, Refrain has the capability to induce hallucinatory flashbacks to pleasant past experiences. In other words, people who take Refrain can literally escape to a better time in their life. However, as with all illegal substances, it is not without any harmful effects. The Refrain drug enters the central nervous system (CNS) and due to the nature of its effects, possibly increases synaptic transmissions via either a direct agonism effect or binding to neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors. Possible neurotransmitters involved include dopamine, 5-HT ( Serotonin ), Cannabinoid and/or Opioids. Long term usage generally causes downregulation and disruption in these systems often causing cognitive disturbances such as psychosis, amnesia and delirium, amongst other things. Depending on the usage of the user, LTP ( Long-term potentiation ) within the brain causes neural cell death via apoptosis, leading to the victim becoming an Invalid.

Trivia

Refrain bears a lot of resemblance to the drug 'Clarity' from Phillip K. Dick's story The Minority Report, in that it is used to allow people experience memories more vividly.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[File:Refrain.jpg|thumb|250px|Vial of Refrain]]
-[[File:Refrain.jpg|thumb|250px|Vial of Refrain]]'''Refrain''' is an illegal and highly addictive deliriant that induces hallucinatory flashbacks to pleasant past experiences. Temporary behavioral abnormality is exhibited while under the influence of Refrain, and it is also useful as a truth serum.Once the drug wears off, the user is left unable to speak for some time and finally becoming an invalid.
+'''Refrain''' (リフレーン, Rifurēn) is an illegal and highly addictive psychotropic drug that induces hallucinatory flashbacks to pleasant past experiences. Temporary behavioral abnormality is exhibited while under the influence of Refrain, and it is also useful as a truth serum. Once the drug wears off, the user is left unable to speak for some time and finally becoming an invalid.
 ==Description==
-The Refrain is describe as [[Lelouch]] as a drug created by the Britannian Empire in order to curb the local population into a state of blissful ignorance as a form of a mild ethnic genocide. The drug is injected by a special injector , see picture above for an example.. How the drug really works is unknown and only in [[Code Geass: Knightmare of Nunnally|Code Geass: Nightmare of Nunnally]] it is somewhat vaguely explained.
+Refrain is described by [[Lelouch]] as a drug created by the [[Holy Britannian Empire]] in order to lull the local population into a state of blissful ignorance as a form of a mild ethnic genocide. The drug is injected by a special injector, see picture above for an example. How the drug really works is unknown and only in [[Code Geass: Knightmare of Nunnally|Code Geass: Nightmare of Nunnally]] is it somewhat vaguely explained.
 ==Legal Status==
+[[File:Drug_bust.png|thumb|A group of Refrain dealers is being gunned down by the Black Knights.]]
-[[File:Drug_bust.png|thumb|A group of Refrain dealer is being gunned down by the Black Knights.]]Under Britannian law, penalization for possession is comparable to that associated with narcotics in the real world but it does not stop smuggler and corrupt nobleman to sell it to the populace. Prior to a crackdown executed by Cornelia, it was smuggled into Area 11 from the [[Chinese Federation]] by way of the Kyūshū Route. [[Black Knights|the Black Knights]] and [[Britannian police force|the Britannian police force]] is supposedly try to keep refrain off the street but later in the episode [[Refrain (episode)|Refrain]] it is revealed that a member of the Britannian Police Force is actually secretly involved with them.
+Under [[Britannian]] law, penalization for possession of Refrain is comparable to that associated with narcotics in the real world but this does not stop smugglers and corrupt noblemen from selling it to the populace. Prior to a crackdown executed by [[Cornelia]], it was smuggled into [[Area 11]] from the [[Chinese Federation]] by way of the Kyūshū Route. [[The Black Knights]] and [[Britannian police force|the Britannian police force]] are supposedly trying to keep Refrain off the streets but in the episode [[Refrain (episode)|Refrain]] it is revealed that a member of the Britannian Police Force is actually secretly involved with them.
-==User==
-[[File:Refrain_junkie.png|thumb|Most of the user of Refrain is a Number]]Most user of Refrain is Numbers because the drug is specificaly created for them. In Area 11 a large number of user is usually someone living in the Ghetto or an [[Honorary Britannian]] that can no longer stand the pressure of being persecuted by their Britannian counterpart, it is still unknown is there are a non Number that use the Refrain other than Lelouch whom almost become one. The Britannian however found a more practical use for the Drug and use it as a truth serum.
+The possession of Refrain is punishable by a lengthly prison sentence, with [[Mrs. Kozuki]] receiving one of 20 years.
+==Users==
+[[File:Refrain_junkie.png|thumb|Most of the users of Refrain are Numbers]]
+Most users of Refrain are Numbers, as the drug is specifically created for them. In Area 11, a large number of these users are people living in the Ghetto or [[Honorary Britannian]]s that can no longer stand the pressure of being persecuted by their Britannian counterparts. It is still unknown if there are any non Numbers who use Refrain, though Lelouch has attempted to use it once. The Britannians however found a more practical use for the Drug and use it as a truth serum.
-==Effect and Side-Effect==
+==Effects and Side-Effects==
+[[File:Refrain_effect.jpg|thumb|The effect of Refrain inside the human brain]]
-[[File:Refrain_effect.jpg|thumb|The effect of Refrain inside the human brain]]As stated above Refrain have the capability to induce hallucinatory flashbacks to pleasant past experiences in other word people who take Refrain can literally escape to a better time in their life but it is not without any harmful effect as with all illegal substance. The Refrain poison enter the Synapse Circuits and force the brain to create more Dopamine than the brain required because of a new formation in the memory circuit as the thought loop about within the brain the Cerebellum begins to deteriorate and cause the victim to become an Invalid.
+As stated above, Refrain has the capability to induce hallucinatory flashbacks to pleasant past experiences. In other words, people who take Refrain can literally escape to a better time in their life. However, as with all illegal substances, it is not without any harmful effects. The Refrain drug enters the central nervous system (CNS) and due to the nature of its effects, possibly increases synaptic transmissions via either a direct agonism effect or binding to neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors. Possible neurotransmitters involved include dopamine, 5-HT ( Serotonin ), Cannabinoid and/or Opioids. Long term usage generally causes downregulation and disruption in these systems often causing cognitive disturbances such as psychosis, amnesia and delirium, amongst other things. Depending on the usage of the user, LTP ( Long-term potentiation ) within the brain causes neural cell death via apoptosis, leading to the victim becoming an Invalid.
+==Trivia==
+* Refrain bears a lot of resemblance to the drug 'Clarity' from Phillip K. Dick's story ''The Minority Report, ''in that it is used to allow people experience memories more vividly.
 [[Category:Terminology]]
 [[Category:Technology]]
+[[Category:World of Code Geass]]